“night” in cursive writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iranian art is one of the world’s oldest and most diverse traditions, blending ancient craftsmanship with Islamic beauty and modern creativity. It began with the grand stone carvings and metalwork of empires like the Achaemenids, evolved into intricate Persian miniature painting, calligraphy, and tile-covered mosques, and became globally known through Persian carpets and decorative crafts like enamel and wood inlay. In modern times, artists such as Parviz Tanavoli and Shirin Neshat have fused Ir