A Fourier transform is a mathematical process that breaks down a complex signal into its basic frequency components. In simple terms, it takes something that varies over time—like a sound wave, an image pattern, or a heartbeat signal—and reveals the hidden “notes” or frequencies that make it up. Just as a musical chord can be seen as a blend of different pitches, any repeating or fluctuating signal can be expressed as a combination of simple sine and cosine waves. This transformation makes it ea