Living organisms share an ancestor called the last universal common ancestor, or LUCA. LUCA is estimated to have lived ...

Rare earth elements are essential for modern technology, but their similar chemistry makes separation difficult and expensive ...

Oxygen fills the air today, but for most of Earth’s early history it barely existed. Scientists say the atmosphere did not hold steady oxygen until about 2.33 billion years ago, during the Great ...

Whether in our bodies or in fuel cells, phosphoric acid plays an important role in many chemical processes because it is exceptionally good at transporting charges. Researchers from the Department of ...

Recently, a research team led by Prof. Zhao Bangchuan from the Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in collaboration with Prof. Xiao Yao ...

After years of confusion, a new study confirms the proton is tinier than once thought. That enables a test of the standard model of particle physics.

Teeth are composites of mineral and protein, with a bulk of bony dentin that is highly porous. This structure allows teeth to be both strong and sensitive. Besides calcium and phosphate, teeth contain ...

Respiratory supercomplex formation relieves molecular strain of mitochondrial membranes and reshapes global protein motions, linking membrane reorganization to respiratory function.

There are three fundamental problems with this interpretation. First, the respiratory chain is thermodynamically incapable of supporting such an increased Δp without a hypothetical 'change of gear', ...

Figure 1: Structural arrangement of γ′ and ɛ-subunits from E. coli ATP synthase. The γ′–ɛ complex was crystallized from 0.5 M tartrate buffered with 0.1 M Tris-HCl at pH 8.8 (space group C222 1, a = ...