Probabilistic model checking and Markov decision processes (MDPs) form two interlinked branches of formal analysis for systems operating under uncertainty. These techniques offer a mathematical ...

Sparse early-stage data limits accurate geological risk assessment, increasing the chance of undetected hazards ahead of the TBM. By integrating borehole-derived information through an observation ...

Intelligent systems may encounter environments characterized by varying levels of uncertainty, limited visibility, and continuous shifts. As these systems expand into areas such as autonomous mobility ...

The probability of attaining a goal structure in a partially stochastic manpower model is discussed in relation to the position of the structure described in Euclidean space. It is found that, within ...