This article was published in Scientific American’s former blog network and reflects the views of the author, not necessarily those of Scientific American While second nature to many of us, driving a ...

Around the beginning of the 20th century, Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov taught dogs to associate doggie dinner with the sound of a bell — and so trained them to reflexively salivate when they heard ...

A long-standing debate in neuroscience is whether classical and operant conditioning are mechanistically similar or distinct. The feeding behavior of Aplysia provides a model system suitable for ...